Chipped bark can certainly reduce soil nutrients but I have no idea if that could be enough to cause raspberries to die completely rather than just grow poorly. One possibility might be cane blight. This is a fungal disease, so maybe the bark provided an environment that allowed it to flourish. Canes tend to look alright in the spring but deteriorate rapidly as the season progresses. Also, is the area well drained? Raspberries hate being waterlogged, often resulting in root rot.