Once the caterpillar gets nicely snug into the head of the cabbage, not much is going to kill it - it'll keep munching away, same as small slugs will - they are well protected from frost, drying winds etc in there.
To save what I can, often I've chopped the lot and cut out damaged parts, and frozen the good stuff, either as chopped leaf or as a basic mix with mashed potato to do bubble and squeak with later on, it depends how much you need the crop.